какие бывают батареи под панорамные окна, батареи под витражное окно

Содержание:

Сейчас все большую популярность приобретает нестандартное оформление теплоснабжающих конструкций в частных домовладениях, квартирах, офисах и различных производственных постройках. Пример такого дизайнерского решения —   низкие радиаторы отопления для панорамных окон.

Отопительные системы как элемент интерьера

В каждой модельной линейке оборудования для создания отопления имеется сегмент, где представлены радиаторы небольшой высоты. К данной группе относят изделия, у которых этот параметр не превышает 450 миллиметров. Низкий радиатор отопления под окно незаменим при обустройстве обогрева постоянно мокнущих и холодных стен, выходящих на улицу, по всей их протяженности.

Такие приборы задействуют в случае:

• наличия больших по площади панорамных окон;
• расположения теплоснабжающей системы в плинтусах.

При выборе отопительного оборудования нужно принимать во внимание ряд технических параметров изделий:

• материал изготовления;
• габариты;
• мощность;
• устойчивость к коррозийным процессам;
• область применения и т.д.

Горизонтальные радиаторы из алюминия

Наиболее низкие алюминиевые радиаторы отопления под панорамные окна имеют высоту 24,5 сантиметра.

Подобные модели производят иностранные фирмы:

1. Sira. Компания изготавливает миниатюрные радиаторы, имеющие теплоотдачу в пределах 89 – 97 Вт (изделия Rovall 80, Rovall 100, Swing, Alux 80 и Alux 100).
2. Global. Предлагается невысокий литой радиатор Gl-200/80/D, который рассчитан на монтаж в системе обогрева с рабочим давлением до 16 Бар.

В данном сегменте из отечественного отопительного оборудования наибольшей популярностью пользуются радиаторы Rifar Base 200 и Rifar Forza 200. Число 200 говорит о том, что межосевое расстояние у них составляет 20 сантиметров.

Невысокие горизонтальные отопительные приборы из алюминия обладают рядом важных  преимуществ:

• небольшой вес – при монтаже не потребуется помощь бригады строителей;
• высокая степень теплоотдачи;
• при повороте регулировочного клапана, батарея быстро реагирует на изменение параметров рабочей среды;
• для полного заполнения системы требуется небольшой объем воды.

Из отрицательных характеристик алюминиевых батарей надо отметить:

• химическую активность, присущую данному металлу, что отражается на качестве используемой воды;
• мягкость материала изготовления, поэтому изделие легко поддается деформации.

С недостатками алюминиевых отопительных устройств можно справиться, если перед их эксплуатацией производить тщательную водоподготовку, что рекомендуется инструкциями фирм — производителей.

Изготовители радиаторов из алюминия не советуют их использовать в теплоснабжающих системах многоквартирных зданий, где качество горячей воды вызывает большие сомнения.

Если запланирована установка алюминиевой батареи под панорамные окна, не следует забывать, что этот металл плохо контактирует с медью и сплавами, в состав которых входит медь. С алюминием без проблем функционируют оцинкованные фитинги. Также можно установить настенные электрические радиаторы отопления, они тоже достаточно эффективны.

Биметаллические приборы для панорамных окон

Данный тип радиаторов относится к теплоснабжающему оборудованию, высокая стоимость которого максимально соответствует качеству.

Биметаллические радиаторы отличаются:

1. Высокими показателями рабочего давления.
2. Совместимостью с иными металлами. В них алюминий используют лишь для изготовления оболочки, повышающей эстетичность внешнего вида и теплоотдачу. Что касается внутреннего корпуса, снабженного отводами для присоединения к системе, то его производят из нержавейки или черной стали.

По мнению специалистов, именно биметаллические радиаторы — лучший вариант для систем, подсоединенных к централизованному теплоснабжению. Применение их для снабжения теплом частных домовладений неоправданно относительно запаса прочности и денежных расходов.

Высота биметаллических радиаторов под панорамные окна составляет от 24,5 до 45 сантиметров.

Стальные низкие батареи

Когда необходимо обустроить очень низкую систему обогрева, имеющую высоту 100, 150 или 180 миллиметров, можно установить трубчатые стальные радиаторы. Данные изделия  делают прямолинейными и в виде конструкций необычной формы, повторяющей конфигурацию пространства под окном.

Трубчатые отопительные приборы достаточно хорошо функционируют в разных системах, вне зависимости от способа циркуляции рабочей среды – принудительного или естественного. Также бывают тонкие радиаторы отопления, которые занимают мало места.

Отопление в плинтусах

Относительно недавно появился новый и самый низкий способ создания отопления. В этом случае теплоснабжающая конструкция состоит из медных трубок, оребренных пластинами, благодаря которым увеличивается теплоотдача. По ним циркулирует вода.

Трубки прокладывают по периметру комнаты и прикрывают особыми металлическими плинтусами. Подобная отопительная конструкция обладает самыми маленькими размерами. В ширину она составляет 30 миллиметров, а высоту имеет в пределах 100 –200 миллиметров (в зависимости от мощности системы).

Отопление в плинтусах имеет преимущества:

1. Большие возможности для воплощения дизайнерских решений в интерьере.
2. Равномерное распределение теплых потоков вдоль стен.

Когда создается в помещении уникальный дизайн, именно низкие радиаторы для витражных окон позволяют правильно и красиво вписать отопительную систему в интерьер.

90000 Types of Electric Car Batteries — Electric Car Batteries 90001 90002 A battery is a device for storing chemical energy and converting that chemical energy into electricity. A battery is made up of one or more 90003 electrochemical cells 90004, each of which consists of two half-cells or 90003 electrodes 90004. One half-cell, called the 90003 negative 90004 electrode, has an overabundance of the tiny, negatively charged subatomic particles called 90003 electrons 90004.The other, called the 90003 positive 90004 electrode, has a deficit of electrons. When the two halves are connected by a wire or an electrical cable, electrons will flow from the negative electrode to the positive electrode. We call this flow of electrons electricity. The energy of these moving electrons can be harnessed to do work — running a motor, for instance. As electrons pass to the positive side, the flow gradually slows down and the voltage of the electricity produced by the battery drops.Eventually, when there are as many electrons on the positive side as on the negative side, the battery is considered ‘dead’ and is no longer capable of producing an electric flow. 90013 90014 Spike Mafford / Getty Images 90014 Lead-acid batteries, similar to the one shown here, have been used in automobiles since the middle of the 19th century. 90002 The electrons are generated by chemical reactions, and there are many different chemical reactions that are used in commercially available batteries.For example, the familiar alkaline batteries commonly used in flashlights and television remote controls generate electricity through a chemical reaction involving zinc and manganese oxide. Most alkaline batteries are considered to be a 90003 disposable battery 90004. Once they go dead, they’re useless and should be recycled. Automobile batteries, on the other hand, need to be rechargeable, so they do not require constant replacement. In a 90003 rechargeable battery 90004, electrical energy is used to reverse the negative and positive halves of the electrochemical cells, restarting the electron flow.90013 90002 Automobile manufacturers have identified three types of rechargeable battery as suitable for electric car use. Those types are 90003 lead-acid 90004 batteries, 90003 nickel metal hydride (NiMH) 90004 batteries, and 90014 90003 lithium-ion (Li-ion) 90004 batteries. 90013 90002 Lead-acid batteries were invented in 1 859 and are the oldest form of rechargeable battery still in use. They’ve been used in all types of cars — including electric cars — since the 19th century.Lead-acid batteries are a kind of 90003 wet cell battery 90004 and usually contain a mild solution of sulfuric acid in an open container. The name comes from the combination of lead electrodes and acid used to generate electricity in these batteries. The major advantage of lead-acid batteries is that, after having been used for so many years, they are well understood and cheap to produce. However, they do produce dangerous gases while being used and if the battery is overcharged there’s a risk of explosion.90013 90002 Nickel metal hydride batteries came into commercial use in the late 1980s. They have a high 90003 energy density 90004 — that is, a great deal of energy can be packed into a relatively small battery — and do not contain any toxic metals, so they’re easy to recycle. 90013 90014 © GM Corp. 90014 This 2007 Chevy Volt concept vehicle chassis clearly shows the location of the vehicle’s lithium-ion battery pack (in blue). 90002 Lithium-ion batteries, which came into commercial use in the early 1990s, have a very high energy density and are less likely than most batteries to lose their charge when not being used — a property called 90003 self discharge 90004.Because of their light weight and low maintenance requirements, lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electronic devices such as laptop computers. Some experts believe that lithium-ion batteries are about as close as science has yet come to developing a perfect rechargeable battery, and this type of battery is the best candidate for powering the electric cars of the near future. A variation on lithium-ion batteries, called lithium-ion polymer batteries, may also prove valuable to the future of EVs.These batteries may eventually cost less to build than lithium-ion batteries; however, at the present time, lithium-ion polymer batteries are prohibitively expensive. 90013 90002 Perhaps the greatest problem associated with electric car batteries is recharging them. How do you charge an electric car battery? More importantly, where do you charge an electric car battery? Can you do it yourself? Can you do it at home? Read the next page to find out. 90013 .90000 Battery Problems | HowStuffWorks 90001 90002 You can replace lead-acid batteries with NiMH batteries. The range of the car will double and the batteries will last 10 years (thousands of charge / discharge cycles), but the cost of the batteries today is 10 to 15 times greater than lead-acid. In other words, an NiMH battery pack will cost $ 20,000 to $ 30,000 (today) instead of $ 2,000. Prices for advanced batteries fall as they become mainstream, so over the next several years it is likely that NiMH and lithium-ion battery packs will become competitive with lead-acid battery prices.Electric cars will have significantly better range at that point. 90003 90002 When you look at the problems associated with batteries, you gain a different perspective on gasoline. Two gallons of gasoline, which weighs 15 pounds, costs $ 3.00 and takes 30 seconds to pour into the tank, is equivalent to 1,000 pounds of lead-acid batteries that cost $ 2,000 and take four hours to recharge. 90003 90002 The problems with battery technology explain why there is so much excitement around fuel cells today.Compared to batteries, fuel cells will be smaller, much lighter and instantly rechargeable. When powered by pure hydrogen, fuel cells have none of the environmental problems associated with gasoline. It is very likely that the car of the future will be an electric car that gets its electricity from a fuel cell. There is still a lot of research and development that will have to occur, however, before inexpensive, reliable fuel cells can power automobiles. 90003 90002 Just about any electric car has one other battery on board.This is the normal 12-volt lead-acid battery that every car has. The 12-volt battery provides power for accessories — things like headlights, radios, fans, computers, air bags, wipers, power windows and instruments inside the car. Since all of these devices are readily available and standardized at 12 volts, it makes sense from an economic standpoint for an electric car to use them. 90003 90002 Therefore, an electric car has a normal 12-volt lead-acid battery to power all of the accessories.To keep the battery charged, an electric car needs a 90011 DC-to-DC converter 90012. This converter takes in the DC power from the main battery array (at, for example, 300 volts DC) and converts it down to 12 volts to recharge the accessory battery. When the car is on, the accessories get their power from the DC-to-DC converter. When the car is off, they get their power from the 12-volt battery as in any gasoline-powered vehicle. 90003 90002 The DC-to-DC converter is normally a separate box under the hood, but sometimes this box is built into the controller.90003 90002 Of course, any car that uses batteries needs a way to charge them. 90003 .90000 Could Ultracapacitors Replace Batteries in Future Electric Vehicles? 90001 90002 Ultracapacitors are awesome. But could they viably replace batteries in future electric vehicles? 90003 90002 Ultracapacitors have significant advantages over batteries, after all, they are much lighter, faster to charge, safer, and non-toxic. However, there are some areas where batteries wipe the floor with them. At least for now. 90003 90002 90007 RELATED: TESLA TAPS INTO ‘BREAKTHROUGH’ BATTERY INNOVATIONS 90008 90003 90002 With recent acquisitions of ultracapacitor manufacturers by the likes of Tesla, ultracapacitors could be on the verge of ousting batteries as the go-to power source for electric cars.90003 90012 What is an ultracapacitor? 90013 90002 Ultracapacitors, also called supercapacitors, double-layer capacitors, or electrochemical capacitors, are a type of energy storage system that has been gaining popularity in recent years. They can be thought of as a cross between an ordinary capacitor and a battery, yet they are different from both. 90003 90002 Ultracapacitors have a very high capacitance compared to their traditional alternatives — hence the name. Just like a battery, ultracapacitor cells have a positive and negative electrode separated by an electrolyte.But unlike batteries, ultracapacitors store energy electrostatically (in the same way as a capacitor) rather than chemically like a battery. 90003 90002 Ultracapacitors also have a dielectric separator dividing the electrolyte — just like a capacitor. This internal cell structure allows ultracapacitors to have a very high energy storage density, especially when compared to a normal capacitor. 90003 90002 Ultracapacitors do store less energy than a similarly-sized battery. But they are able to release their energy much more rapidly, as the discharge is not dependent on a chemical reaction taking place.90003 90002 Another great benefit of ultracapacitors is that they can be recharged a huge number of times with little or no degradation (in excess of 90007 1 million 90008 charges / discharge cycles is not uncommon). This is because no physical or chemical changes occur when they recharge. 90003 90002 For this reason, supercapacitors are often used in applications requiring many rapid charge / discharge cycles rather than long term compact energy storage, such as car booster packs and power banks.90003 90028 Source: 90029 stantontcady / Flickr 90030 90002 The most commonly used electrode material for ultracapacitors is carbon in various forms, such as activated carbon, carbon fiber-cloth, carbide-derived carbon, carbon aerogel, graphite (graphene), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). 90003 90012 How to charge an ultracapacitor? 90013 90002 When a voltage differential is applied to the positive and negative plates of the capacitor, it begins to charge. According to Battery University, «This is similar to the buildup of electrical charge when walking on a carpet.Touching an object releases the energy through the finger. «90003 90002 Some of the very first examples of this technology were developed in the late-1950s at General Electric, but there were no viable commercial applications at the time. It would take until the 1990s for advances in material science and manufacturing to improve the performance of ultracapacitors and lower their cost enough to make them commercially viable. 90003 90012 How do ultracapacitors work? 90013 90002 As touched upon above, ultracapacitors work by delivering quick bursts of energy during peak periods of power demand, then capture and quickly store excess energy that may otherwise be lost.90003 90043 Source: 90029 Electronics Tutorials 90030 90002 For this reason, they are a great compliment for primary energy sources, as they charge and discharge very rapidly and efficiently. 90003 90002 While batteries can hold large amounts of power, they tend to take hours to recharge. In contrast, capacitors, and especially ultracapacitors, charge almost instantly, but they can store only small amounts of energy. 90003 90002 For this reason, ultracapacitors are the perfect solution when a system needs to charge rapidly and does not need to store electricity for long periods of time.They also weigh less than batteries, cost less, and generally do not contain toxic metals or harmful materials. 90003 90012 Can ultracapacitors replace batteries? 90013 90002 The answer to this question depends very much on what they will be used for. There are advantages and disadvantages to each. As previously mentioned, batteries have a much higher 90007 energy 90008 density than ultracapacitors. 90003 90002 This means that they are more suitable for higher energy density applications, or when a device needs to run for long periods on a single charge.Ultracapacitors have a much higher 90007 power 90008 density than batteries. This makes them ideal for high-drain applications like powering an electric vehicle. 90003 90002 As mentioned above, ultracapacitors also have a much longer lifespan than batteries. A regular battery can handle around 90007 2000-3000 90008 charge and discharge cycles, while ultracapacitors can usually sustain more than 90007 1,000,000 90008. This can represent huge savings in materials and costs. 90003 90068 Extracted from: 90029 skeletontech 90030 90002 Ultracapacitors are also much safer and considerably less toxic.They contain no harmful chemicals or heavy metals and are much less likely to explode than batteries. 90003 90002 In addition, ultracapacitors have a much greater operating range than batteries. In fact, they beat batteries hands down in this area, as they can operate within ranges of between 90007 -40 to +65 90008 degrees Celsius. 90003 90002 Ultracapacitors can also be charged and discharged much more rapidly than batteries, usually within seconds, and are much more efficient at self-discharge than batteries.90003 90002 Many ultracapacitors also have a much longer shelf life than batteries. Some, like SkelCap cells, can be stored for as long as 90007 15 90008 years at a time with little to no decline in capacity. 90003 90083 Source: 90029 Windell Oskay / Flickr 90030 90002 As with most technology, the main driver for the application of ultracapacitors is their cost to benefit ratio. Ultracapacitors tend to be the more economical choice over the long run for applications needing short bursts of energy.90003 90002 Batteries, however, are a much better choice for applications that require constant, low current over time. 90003 90012 Could ultracapacitors replace batteries in future electric cars? 90013 90002 As we have seen, ultracapacitors are best suited for situations where a lot of power is needed in a short span of time. In terms of electric cars, this would mean they would have advantages over batteries when the vehicle needs bursts of energy — like during acceleration. 90003 90002 In fact, this is just what Toyota has done with the Yaris Hybrid-R concept car, which utilizes a supercapacitor for use during acceleration.90003 90002 PSA Peugeot Citroen has also started employing ultracapacitors as part of its start-stop fuel-saving systems. This allows for much faster initial acceleration. 90003 90002 Mazda’s i-ELOOP system also uses ultracapacitors to store energy during deceleration. The power stored is then used for the engine’s stop-start systems. 90003 90100 Supercapacitors are also used to rapidly charge the power supplies in hybrid buses as they go from stop to stop. 90003 90100 When hybrid energy is used purely for performance, issues such as range and the ability to hold charge are not as important — and so some high-end manufacturers, such as Lamborghini are also starting to incorporate supercapacitor-powered e-motors in their hybrids.90003 90002 However, ultracapacitors are not a substitute for batteries in most electric vehicles — yet. Li-ion batteries are likely going to be the go-to power supply for EVs for the near to distant future. 90003 90002 Many believe it is more likely that ultracapacitors will become more commonplace as power-regeneration systems during deceleration. This stored power can then be re-used during periods of acceleration rather than direct replacements for batteries. 90003 90108 Source: 90029 Mic / Flickr 90030 90002 However, according to this study, they could also have applications in hybrid vehicles in place of batteries when, «the power demand is less than the power capability of the electric motor; when the vehicle power demand exceeds that of the electric motor, the engine is operated to meet the vehicle power demand plus to provide the power to recharge the supercapacitor unit.»90003 90002 Recent research into graphene-based supercapacitors could also lead to advances in supercapacitor use in electric cars. One study by scientists at Rice University and the Queensland University of Technology resulted in two papers, published in the 90029 Journal of Power Sources 90030 and 90029 Nanotechnology 90030. 90003 90002 They proposed a solution consisting of two layers of graphene, with an electrolyte layer between them. This resulting film is strong, thin, and able to release large amounts of energy in a short time.90003 90002 These factors are a given-it is a supercapacitor after all. What makes this study different is that the researchers suggest that the new, thinner ultracapacitors could replace bulkier batteries in future electric vehicles. 90003 90002 This could also include integrating the ultracapacitors into body panels, roof paneling, floors, and even doors, for example. In theory, this could provide the vehicle with all the energy it needs, and make it considerably lighter than battery-powered electric vehicles.90003 90125 Source: 90029 Depositphotos 90030 90002 Such an EV would also charge considerably faster than current battery-powered vehicles. But, like all ultracapacitors, this solution still can not hold as much energy as standard batteries. 90003 90002 «In the future, it is hoped the supercapacitor will be developed to store more energy than a Li-Ion battery while retaining the ability to release its energy up to 90007 10 90008 times faster — meaning the car could be entirely powered by the supercapacitors in its body panels, «said the study’s co-author Jinzhang Liu.90003 90002 «After one full charge, this car should be able to run up to 90007 500km 90008 (90007 310 miles 90008) — similar to a petrol-powered car and more than double the current limit of an electric car.» 90003 90002 Interesting times ahead it seems. Watch this space. 90003.90000 MIT School of Engineering | »How does a battery work? 90001 90002 How does a battery work? 90003 90004 Your watch, laptop, and laser-pointer are all powered by the same thing: chemistry … 90005 90006 By Mary Bates 90007 90004 There are a lot of different kinds of batteries, but they all function based on the same underlying concept. «A battery is a device that is able to store electrical energy in the form of chemical energy, and convert that energy into electricity,» says Antoine Allanore, a postdoctoral associate at MIT’s Department of Materials Science and Engineering.»You can not catch and store electricity, but you can store electrical energy in the chemicals inside a battery.» 90005 90004 There are three main components of a battery: two terminals made of different chemicals (typically metals), the anode and the cathode; and the electrolyte, which separates these terminals. The electrolyte is a chemical medium that allows the flow of electrical charge between the cathode and anode. When a device is connected to a battery — a light bulb or an electric circuit — chemical reactions occur on the electrodes that create a flow of electrical energy to the device.90005 90004 More specifically: during a discharge of electricity, the chemical on the anode releases electrons to the negative terminal and ions in the electrolyte through what’s called an oxidation reaction. Meanwhile, at the positive terminal, the cathode accepts electrons, completing the circuit for the flow of electrons. The electrolyte is there to put the different chemicals of the anode and cathode into contact with one another, in a way that the chemical potential can equilibrate from one terminal to the other, converting stored chemical energy into useful electrical energy.»These two reactions happen simultaneously,» Allanore says. «The ions transport current through the electrolyte while the electrons flow in the external circuit, and that’s what generates an electric current.» 90005 90004 If the battery is disposable, it will produce electricity until it runs out of reactants (same chemical potential on both electrodes). These batteries only work in one direction, transforming chemical energy to electrical energy. But in other types of batteries, the reaction can be reversed.Rechargeable batteries (like the kind in your cellphone or in your car) are designed so that electrical energy from an outside source (the charger that you plug into the wall or the dynamo in your car) can be applied to the chemical system, and reverse its operation, restoring the battery’s charge. 90005 90004 The Group Sadoway lab at MIT is working on creating more efficient batteries for multiple uses. For large-scale energy storage, the team is working on a liquid metal battery, in which the electrolyte, anode, and cathode are liquid.For portable applications, they are developing a thin-film polymer battery with a flexible electrolyte made of nonflammable gel. Another goal of the lab is to build batteries using previously unconsidered materials, focusing on abundant, cheap and safe substances that have the same commercial potential as popular lithium batteries. 90005 90004 90006 Thanks to 18-year-old Steven Minkus from Glenview, IL, for this question. 90007 90005 90004 Posted: May 1, 2012 90005 .