Кабель RJ-45: соединитель витой пары, характеристики

Практически в любом жилом или производственном помещении используются различного рода кабели. В этой статье подробно рассмотрено, что такое сетевой кабель RJ 45 и где его используют.

Что такое кабель RJ-45

Кабель RJ-45 похож на один или несколько проводов с изоляционным слоем, которые скручены друг с другом (с малым количеством оборотов на одну длину), покрытых защитной изоляцией. Модель RJ-45 часто применяется при установке телевизоров и в ПК устройствах в роли сетевого носителя. Такой кабель довольно легко установить самостоятельно, он стоит относительно дешево.

Коннектор RJ-45

Изделие подсоединяется к сетевой аппаратуре с помощью соединителя 8P8C (его иногда путают с RJ45), немного крупнее, чем телефонная модель RJ11.

Сфера применения

В основном эта модель провода применяется для подключения локальных и вычислительных устройств. Она получила огромную популярность благодаря низкой цене и простоте в монтаже. На сегодняшний день с помощью витой пары подключается большинство интернет сетей.

Конструкция витой пары

Кабель в основном имеет в своей конструкции четыре пары. Внутренние жилы производятся из медного сплава с толщиной 0,5-0,75 мм. Толщина изоляционного слоя составляет примерно 0,2 мм. В основном кабель производится из ПВХ состава, для более дорогих (5-й категории) используется полипропилен.

Правильное хранение изделия

Внимание! Самые качественные провода оснащены изоляционным слоем из вспененного (ячеистого) полиэтилена, который позволяет терять меньше энергии, а также не нагревается при работе.

Кроме этого, внутри провода иногда бывает так называемая «разрывная нить». Она нужна для облегчения разреза внешнего слоя — если за нее потянуть, то получится небольшой разрез, благодаря которому доступен кабельный сердечник, при этом жилы не портятся. Такая нить достаточно прочная, поэтому дает дополнительную защиту.

Внешняя изоляция в толщину составляет 0,5-0,6 мм и в основном производится из обычного ПВХ с частицами мела, увеличивающего хрупкость. Это нужно для правильного облома в точке надреза ножом. Иногда в составе используют так называемые «новые полимеры», благодаря которым провод не горит и не выделяет едкий дым.

Распиновка розетки rj45

Самый популярный цвет изоляции — белый. Красный цвет, как правило, означает, что кабель устойчив к огню, поэтому позволяет прокладывать линии в стенах или деревянных домах. Цвета провода значительно облегчают работу во время прокладки, человек не будет путаться.

Необходимо внимательно изучать маркировку. Кроме информации об изготовителе и типе провода обязательно указывается размерность.

Вид наружной изоляции также может быть разный. Чаще других используется самый простой — круглый. Но если нужно прокладывать кабель под полом, для этого берется плоская модель.

Провода для внешней кладки должны иметь водостойкую изоляцию из полиэтилена, которая наносится после первого слоя защиты.

Иногда внутри провод наполняют водоотталкивающим составом и бронируют его при помощи металлической ленты.

Соединитель сетевого кабеля rj 45

Как правильно и где применять кабель RJ-45

Основные места, где используется кабель RJ-45:

• серверные устройства;
• компьютерные классы;
• офисные здания;
• электронные библиотеки;
• компьютерные клубы;
• жилые помещения;
• сервисы по ремонту ПК устройств;
• ИТ-магазины.

Lan разъем в роутере

Чтобы применить провод на линии, его нужно правильно обжать. Поэтапный процесс:

1. Обрезать часть провода по метражу, длины должно ровно хватать.
2. Сделать отступ от края 2-4 см и выполнить ножом небольшой надрез на внешней изоляции, а потом осторожно зачистить ее.
3. Провода свиты попарно, потому перед обжимкой их все нужно расправить, раскрыть жилы. Кроме проводов под изоляцией находится нейлоновая нить — ее необходимо просто убрать назад.
4. Выровнять провода. Для этого нужно сделать отступ от края внешней изоляции 1,0-1,3 см и обрезать кабель кусачками перпендикулярно оси витой пары. Все концы должны быть равномерны.
5. Поместить провод в коннектор и переместить до упора.
6. Выполнить обжимку. Вставить коннектор с проводами в необходимый разъем кримпера и зажать ручки клещей. Появится характерный звук.
7. Посмотреть надежность фиксации — немного потянуть за провод, как бы пытаясь вытащить проводники из устройства. При качественной обжимке изделие сидит прочно.
8. В завершение проверить готовый патч-корд на работоспособность. Вставить провода в гнезда тестера, включить его и проверить индикацию. Если подключено правильно, то индикатор будет зеленого цвета. Если индикации нет или включается красный свет, то действия необходимо повторить.

Схемы обжимки витой пары

Во время обжимки жилы должны иметь такой порядок:

Схема обжима витой пары

1. светло-красный (б-о) — б-о;
2. красный (о) — о;
3. светло-зеленый (б-з) — б-з;
4. голубой © — с;
5. светло-синий (б-с) — б-с;
6. зеленый (з) — з;
7. светло-коричневый (б-к) — б-к;
8. коричневый (к) — к.

Срок службы кабеля RJ-45

Срок службы витой пары в условиях прокладки на открытом воздухе составляет около 1 года. Если провод проложен в офисе, при правильном использовании он может прослужить до 2 лет.

Кабель RJ-45 завоевал свою популярность благодаря низкой цене и легкости при прокладке. Такой провод активно используется как в жилых домах, так и в офисах, при установке роутеров или ПК аппаратуры.

90000 How to wire Ethernet Cables 90001 90002 How to wire your own ethernet cables and connectors. 90003 90004 What You Need: 90005 90006 Required: 90007 90008 90009 Ethernet Cable — bulk Category (Cat) 5, 5e, 6, 6a or higher ethernet cable 90010 90009 Wire Cutters — to cut and strip the ethernet cable if necessary 90010 90009 90014 For Patch Cables: 90015 90008 90009 8P8C Modular Connector Plugs ( «RJ45») 90010 90009 Modular Connector Crimper ( «RJ45») 90010 90021 90010 90009 90014 For Fixed Wiring: 90015 90008 90009 8P8C Modular Connector Jacks ( «RJ45») 90010 90009 110 Punch Down Tool 90010 90021 90010 90021 90006 Recommended: 90007 90008 90009 Wire Stripper 90010 90009 Cable Tester 90010 90021 90004 About the Cable: 90005 You can find bulk supplies of ethernet cable at many computer stores or most electrical or home centers.You want UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) ethernet cable of at least Category 5 (Cat 5). Cat 5 is required for basic 10/100 functionality, you will want Cat 5e for gigabit (1000BaseT) operation and Cat 6 or higher gives you a measure of future proofing. You can also use STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) for extra resistance to external interference but I will not cover shielded connectors. Bulk ethernet cable comes in many types, there are 2 basic categories, solid and braided stranded cable. Stranded ethernet cable tends to work better in patch applications for desktop use.It is more flexible and resilient than solid ethernet cable and easier to work with, but really meant for shorter lengths. Solid ethernet cable is meant for longer runs in a fixed position. Plenum rated ethernet cable must be used whenever the cable travels through an air circulation space. For example, above a false ceiling or below a raised floor. It may be difficult or impossible to tell from the package or labelling what type of ethernet cable it is, so peal out an end and investigate. 90002 Here is what the internals of the ethernet cable look like: 90003 90002 90047 Internal Cable Structure and Color Coding 90003 90002 Inside the ethernet cable, there are 8 color coded wires.These wires are twisted into 4 pairs of wires, each pair has a common color theme. One wire in the pair being a solid or primarily solid colored wire and the other being a primarily white wire with a colored stripe (Sometimes ethernet cables will not have any color on the striped wire, the only way to tell which is which is to check which wire it is twisted around). Examples of the naming schemes used are: Orange (alternatively Orange / White) for the solid colored wire and White / Orange for the striped cable.The twists are extremely important. They are there to counteract noise and interference. It is important to wire according to a standard to get proper performance from the ethernet cable. The TIA / EIA-568-A specifies two wiring standards for an 8-position modular connector such as RJ45. The two wiring standards, T568A and T568B vary only in the arrangement of the colored pairs. Tom writes to say «… sources suggest using T568A cabling since T568B is the AT & T standard, but the US Government specifies T568A since it matches USOC cabling for pairs 1 & 2, which allows it to work for 1/2 line phones… «. Your choice might be determined by the need to match existing wiring, jacks or personal preference, but you should maintain consistency. I’ve shown both below for straight through cabling and just T568B for crossover cabling. 90003 90004 About Modular Connector Plugs and Jacks: 90005 The 8P8C modular connectors for Ethernet are often called RJ45 due to their physical ressemblance. The plug is an 8-position modular connector that looks like a large phone plug. There are a couple variations available.The primary variation you need to pay attention to is whether the connector is intended for braided or solid wire. For braided / stranded wires, the connector has sharp pointed contacts that actually pierce the wire. For solid wires, the connector has fingers which cut through the insulation and make contact with the wire by grasping it from both sides. The connector is the weak point in an ethernet cable, choosing the wrong one will often cause grief later. If you just walk into a computer store, it’s nearly impossible to tell what type of plug it is.You may be able to determine what type it is by crimping one without a cable. 90002 Modular connector jacks come in a variety styles intended for several different mounting options. The choice is one of requirements and preference. Jacks are designed to work only with solid ethernet cable. Most jacks come labeled with color coded wiring diagrams for either T568A, T568B or both. Make sure you end up with the correct one. 90003 90002 Here is a wiring diagram and pin out: 90003 90002 90047 Modular Connector Plug and Jack Pin Out 90003 90004 Ethernet Cable Pin Outs: 90005 There are two basic ethernet cable pin outs.A straight through ethernet cable, which is used to connect to a hub or switch, and a crossover ethernet cable used to operate in a peer-to-peer fashion without a hub / switch. Generally all fixed wiring should be run as straight through. Some ethernet interfaces can cross and un-cross a cable automatically as needed, a handy feature. 90062 Standard, Straight-Through Wiring Diagram (both ends are the same): 90063 Straight-Through Ethernet Cable Pin Out for T568A Straight-Through Ethernet Cable Pin Out for T568B 90062 Crossover Cable Wiring Diagram: 90063 Crossover Ethernet Cable Pin Outs 90002 + Note: The crossover ethernet cable layout is suitable for 1000Base-T operation, all 4 pairs are crossed.90003 90004 How to wire Ethernet Patch Cables: 90005 90070 90009 Strip off about 2 inches of the ethernet cable sheath. 90010 90009 Untwist the pairs — do not untwist them beyond what you have exposed, the more untwisted cable you have the worse the problems you can run into. 90010 90009 Align the colored wires according to the wiring diagrams above. 90010 90009 Trim all the wires to the same length, about 1/2 «to 3/4» left exposed from the sheath. 90010 90009 Insert the wires into the RJ45 plug — make sure each wire is fully inserted to the front of the RJ45 plug and in the correct order.The sheath of the ethernet cable should extend into the plug by about 1/2 «and will be held in place by the crimp. 90010 90009 Crimp the RJ45 plug with the crimper tool. 90010 90009 Verify the wires ended up the right order and that the wires extend to the front of the RJ45 plug and make good contact with the metal contacts in the RJ45 plug 90010 90009 Cut the ethernet cable to length — make sure it is more than long enough for your needs. 90010 90009 Repeat the above steps for the second RJ45 plug.90010 90089 90004 How to wire fixed Ethernet Cables: 90005 90070 90009 Run the full length of ethernet cable in place, from endpoint to endpoint, making sure to leave excess. 90010 90009 At one end, cut the wire to length leaving enough length to work, but not too much excess. 90010 90009 Strip off about 2 inches of the ethernet cable sheath. 90010 90009 Align each of the colored wires according to the layout of the jack. 90010 90009 Use the punch down tool to insert each wire into the jack.90010 90009 Repeat the above steps for the second RJ45 jack. 90010 90089 90002 If an ethernet cable tester is available, use it to verify the proper connectivity of the cable. That should be it, if your ethernet cable does not turn out, look closely at each end and see if you can find the problem. Often a wire ended up in the wrong place or one of the wires is making no contact or poor contact. Also double check the color coding to verify it is correct. If you see a mistake or problem, cut the end off and start again.A ethernet cable tester is invaluable at identifying and highlighting these issues. 90003 90002 When sizing ethernet cables remember that an end to end connection should not extend more than 100m (~ 328ft). Try to minimize the ethernet cable length, the longer the cable becomes, the more it may affect performance. This is usually noticeable as a gradual decrease in speed and increase in latency. 90003 90110 90004 Notes: 90005 90062 Power over Ethernet (PoE): 90063 Power over Ethernet has been implemented in many variations before IEEE standardized 802.3af. IEEE 802.3af specifies the ability to supply an endpoint device with 48V DC at up 350mA or approximatlely 16.8W. IEEE 802.3at updates the PoE standard to supply up to 600mA or approximately 28.8W, it is often known as PoE +. The power is delivered using two pairs in the ethernet cable. The device must be capable of receiving power on either the data pairs [Mode A] (often called phantom power) or the unused pairs in 100Base-TX [Mode B]. IEEE 802.3bt further updates the PoE standard to use all four pairs of the cable to deliver up to 90W of power.PoE can be used with any ethernet configuration, including 10Base-T, 100Base-TX or 1000Base-T. Power is only supplied when a valid PoE endpoint is detected by using a low voltage probe to look for the PoE signature on the endpoint. PoE power is typically supplied in one of two ways, either the host ethernet switch provides the power, or a «midspan» device is plugged in between the switch.90000 Ethernet RJ45 connection wiring and cable pinout diagram @ pinouts.ru 90001 90002 90003 There are several specifications of Ethernet RJ-45 connection over twisted pair: oldest 10Mbit (Ethernet), old but still used 100Mbit (Fast Ethernet), modern 1Gbit (Gigabit ethernet) or newest 10Gbit ethernet. 90004 Ethernet cable for any of those interfaces may be easily crimped by yourself. 90005 90002 Ethernet is officially standardized by IEEE standard 802.3. It was originally developed by Xerox Corporation in cooperation with DEC and Intel in 1 976.Nowdays ethernet over twisted pair (90003 RJ-45 connection 90004) runs at 10Mb, 100Mb, 1Gb or 10Gb per second. Ethernet uses a bus (very old coaxial cable) or star topology (standard UTP cable ewuipped with RJ-45 connectors). 90005 90010 Ethernet RJ45 connection and cable 90011 90002 Almost every ethernet network use Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable ended with RJ-45 connectors. Category 5 (CAT5), Category 5e or Category 6 (CAT6) cables are widely used, but other variations are available.EIA / TIA specifies RJ-45 connectors — properly called 8P8C — (ISO 8877) for UTP (unshielded twisted pair) cable. 90005 90002 100BASE-TX (IEEE 802.3u) was introduced in тисячі дев’ятсот дев’яносто п’ять and remained the fastest version of Ethernet before the introduction of Gigabit Ethernet. It runs on UTP data or optical fiber cable in a star wired bus topology, similar to 10BASE-T where all cables are attached to a hub. Fast Ethernet RJ-45 connected devices are generally backward compatible with existing 10BASE-T systems.The segment length for a 100BASE-T cable is limited to 100 metres. 100BASE-TX runs over two wire-pairs inside a Category 5 cable or above. Like 10BASE-T, the active pairs in a standard connection are terminated on pins 1, 2, 3 and 6. 90005 90002 1000BASE-T (also known as IEEE 802.3ab) is a standard for Gigabit Ethernet over copper wiring. The Gigabit RJ45 connection requires, at least Category 5 cable (the same as 100BASE-TX), but Category 5e cable (Category 5 enhanced) or Category 6 cable may also be used and is often recommended.1000BASE-T requires all four pairs to be present and is far less tolerant of poorly installed wiring than 100BASE-TX. 90005 90002 10GBASE-T (IEEE 802.3an-2006) is a standard released in 2006 to provide 10 Gbit / s connections over unshielded or shielded twisted pair cables, over distances up to 100 metres. Category 6a cable is required to reach the full distance and category 6 may reach a distance of 55 metres. The line encoding used by 10GBASE-T is the basis for the slower 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T standard, implementing a 2.5 or 5.0 Gbit / s connection over existing category 5e or 6 cabling. Cables which will not function reliably with 10GBASE-T may successfully operate with 2.5GBASE-T or 5GBASE-T if supported by both ends. 90005 90010 RJ45 ethernet connection pinout 90011 90002 There are two standards for network RJ45 cable wiring: EIA / TIA 568A and EIA / TIA 568B. Both are correct. You may use either of them to crimp the Ethernet RJ45 network cable. 90005 90002 90003 Note: 90004 It is very important that a single pair be used for pins 1 and 2; 3 and 6, 4 and 5, 7 and 8.If not, performance will be degraded. 90005 90002 90029 90005 90002 90003 The ethernet cable wiring is simple. 90004 You must have some RJ-45 connectors, UTP cable, Rj-45 Modular Connector Crimper and a hand. The ethernet cable, connectors and Connector Crimper are available at local computer store or most electrical centers. 90005 90002 Pull the cable off the reel to the desired length and cut. 90005 90002 90038 90005 90002 Inside the ethernet cable, there are 8 color coded wires.They are twisted into 4 pairs of wires. One wire in the pair is a solid colored and the other is a primarily white with a colored stripe. Start on one end and strip the cable jacket off (about 2-3cm) using a stripper or a knife. The insulation of cable wires must remain intact! 90005 90002 90043 90005 90002 Untwist the pairs and align the wires in the correct order (see the EIA / TIA 568B or EIA / TIA 568A pinout above). Flatten the wires and trim the ends of the wires, leaving approximately 12-14 mm in wire length.Check the correct order, flattness and tightness of wires bundle. 90005 90002 Hold the RJ-45 connector (clip down) and carefully insert wires into the connector. 90005 90002 90050 90005 90002 Each wire should be inserted as deep as possible (to the front of the RJ45 plug). 90005 90002 90055 90005 90002 Check the wires order once again. Carefully hold the wire and firmly crimp the RJ-45 with the modular connector crimper. 90005 90002 90060 90005 90002 Repeat the above for the second RJ45 connector of cable.90005 90002 90065 90005 90002 That’s all. Test the Ethernet cable. 90005 90002 90070 90005 90010 What if your Ethernet cable is failed to function? 90011 90002 Check the following: 90005 90002 90003 Did you align wires in correct order on both ends of cable? 90004 90003 Is pin 1 of connector wired with white-orange (EIA / TIA 568A) or white-green (EIA / TIA 568B) on both ends of cable? 90004 90005 90002 If not, cut off connector and repeat above steps with NEW RJ45 connector.90005 90002 90003 Did you tightly press all metal pins of RJ45 connector? 90004 90005 90002 Tightly crimp the connector with the crimper once again. 90005 90002 90005 90002 There are four most common Unshielded Twisted Pair Ethernet standards available nowdays: 90005 90094 90095 90096 90097 Name 90098 90097 Speed ​​90098 90097 Standard 90098 90097 Wires used 90098 90097 Comments 90098 90107 90096 90109 10BASE-T 90110 90109 10Mb / s 90110 90109 802.3i 90110 90109 2 pairs: pins 1,2,3,6 90110 90109 Runs over four wires on a Category 3 or Category 5 cable. 90110 90107 90096 90109 100BASE-TX 90110 90109 100Mb / s 90110 90109 802.3u 90110 90109 2 pairs: pins 1,2,3,6 90110 90109 CAT5 copper cabling with two twisted pairs. 90110 90107 90096 90109 1000BASE-T 90110 90109 1000Mb / s 90110 90109 802.3ab 90110 90109 4 pairs: pins 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 90110 90109 At least Category 5 cable, with Category 5e strongly recommended copper cabling with four twisted pairs.Each pair is used in both directions simultaneously 90110 90107 90096 90109 10GBASE-T 90110 90109 10000Mb / s 90110 90109 802.3an 90110 90109 4 pairs: pins 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 90110 90109 Uses category 6a cable. 90110 90107 90156 90157 90010 Ethernet UTP cable length: 90011 90002 Each network segment cable length may be up to 100 meters, although several chip manufacturers claim 150 meters. Autonegotiation is a requirement for using 1000BASE-T, according to the standard.Several device drivers will allow you to force 1000 Mbps full duplex to eliminate autonegotiation issues. 90005 90010 UTP network cabling 90011 90002 Category 5 cable, commonly known as 90003 Cat 5 90004, is an unshielded twisted pair cable type designed for high signal integrity. With the 2001 introduction of the TIA / EIA-568-B standard for RJ-45 connection, the category 5 cabling specification was obsoleted and superseded by the category 5e specification. 90005 90002 The original specification for category 5 cable was defined in ANSI / TIA / EIA-568-A, with clarification in TSB-95.These documents specified performance characteristics and test requirements for frequencies of up to 100 MHz. Category 5 cable included four twisted pairs in a single cable jacket. It was most commonly used for 100Mbit / s networks, such as 100BASE-TX Ethernet, although IEEE 802.3ab defined standards for 1000BASE-T — gigabit Ethernet over category 5 cable. Cat 5 cable typically had three twists per inch of each twisted pair of 24 gauge copper wires within the cable. The twisting of the cable reduces electrical interference and crosstalk.90005 90002 90003 Cat 5e cable 90004 is an enhanced version of Cat 5 that adds specifications for far-end crosstalk, usually used for gigabit ethernet. Cat 5e cable does not enable longer cable distances for Ethernet networks: horizontal cables are still limited to a maximum of 90 m in length. Cat 5e cable performance characteristics and test methods are defined in TIA / EIA-568-B.2-2001. 90005 90002 Category 6 cable, commonly referred to as 90003 Cat 6 90004, is a standardized twisted pair cable for Ethernetand other network physical layers that is backward compatible with the Category 5 / 5e and Category 3 cable standards.Compared with Cat 5 and Cat 5e, Cat 6 features more stringent specifications for crosstalk and system noise. The cable standard also specifies performance of up to 250 MHz compared to 100 MHz for Cat 5 and Cat 5e. Whereas Category 6 cable has a reduced maximum length of 55 meters when used for 10GBASE-T, 90003 Category 6A 90004 cable is characterized to 500 MHz and has improved alien crosstalk characteristics, allowing 10GBASE-T to be run for the same 100 meter maximum distance as previous Ethernet variants.90005 .