Защитные меры безопасности / ПУЭ 7 / Библиотека / Элек.ру

7.1.67. Заземление и защитные меры безопасности электроустановок зданий должны выполняться в соответствии с требованиями гл. 1.7 и дополнительными требованиями, приведенными в данном разделе.

7.1.68. Во всех помещениях необходимо присоединять открытые проводящие части светильников общего освещения и стационарных электроприемников (электрических плит, кипятильников, бытовых кондиционеров, электрополотенец и т.п.) к нулевому защитному проводнику.

7.1.69. В помещениях зданий металлические корпуса однофазных переносных электроприборов и настольных средств оргтехники класса I по ГОСТ 12.2.007.0-75 «ССБТ. Изделия электротехнические. Общие требования безопасности» должны присоединяться к защитным проводникам трехпроводной групповой линии (см. п. 7.1.36).

К защитным проводникам должны подсоединяться металлические каркасы перегородок, дверей и рам, используемых для прокладки кабелей.

7.1.70. В помещениях без повышенной опасности допускается применение подвесных светильников, не оснащенных зажимами для подключения защитных проводников, при условии, что крюк для их подвески изолирован. Требования данного пункта не отменяют требований п. 7.1.36 и не являются основанием для выполнения электропроводок двухпроводными.

7.1.71. Для защиты групповых линий, питающих штепсельные розетки для переносных электрических приборов, рекомендуется предусматривать устройства защитного отключения (УЗО).

7.1.72. Если устройство защиты от сверхтока (автоматический выключатель, предохранитель) не обеспечивает время автоматического отключения 0,4 с при номинальном напряжении 220 В из-за низких значений токов короткого замыкания и установка (квартира) не охвачена системой уравнивания потенциалов, установка УЗО является обязательной.

7.1.73. При установке УЗО последовательно должны выполняться требования селективности. При двух- и многоступенчатой схемах УЗО, расположенное ближе к источнику питания, должно иметь уставку и время срабатывания не менее чем в 3 раза большие, чем у УЗО, расположенного ближе к потребителю.

7.1.74. В зоне действия УЗО нулевой рабочий проводник не должен иметь соединений с заземленными элементами и нулевым защитным проводником.

7.1.75. Во всех случаях применения УЗО должно обеспечивать надежную коммутацию цепей нагрузки с учетом возможных перегрузок.

7.1.76. Рекомендуется использовать УЗО, представляющее собой единый аппарат с автоматическим выключателем, обеспечивающим защиту от сверхтока.

Не допускается использовать УЗО в групповых линиях, не имеющих защиты от сверхтока, без дополнительного аппарата, обеспечивающего эту защиту.

При использовании УЗО, не имеющих защиты от сверхтока, необходима их расчетная проверка в режимах сверхтока с учетом защитных характеристик вышестоящего аппарата, обеспечивающего защиту от сверхтока.

7.1.77. В жилых зданиях не допускается применять УЗО, автоматически отключающие потребителя от сети при исчезновении или недопустимом падении напряжения сети. При этом УЗО должно сохранять работоспособность на время не менее 5 с при снижении напряжения до 50% номинального.

7.1.78. В зданиях могут применяться УЗО типа «А», реагирующие как на переменные, так и на пульсирующие токи повреждений, или «АС», реагирующие только на переменные токи утечки.

Источником пульсирующего тока являются, например, стиральные машины с регуляторами скорости, регулируемые источники света, телевизоры, видеомагнитофоны, персональные компьютеры и др.

7.1.79. В групповых сетях, питающих штепсельные розетки, следует применять УЗО с номинальным током срабатывания не более 30 мА.

Допускается присоединение к одному УЗО нескольких групповых линий через отдельные автоматические выключатели (предохранители).

Установка УЗО в линиях, питающих стационарное оборудование и светильники, а также в общих осветительных сетях, как правило, не требуется.

7.1.80. В жилых зданиях УЗО рекомендуется устанавливать на квартирных щитках, допускается их установка на этажных щитках.

7.1.81. Установка УЗО запрещается для электроприемников, отключение которых может привести к ситуациям, опасным для потребителей (отключению пожарной сигнализации и т.п.).

7.1.82. Обязательной является установка УЗО с номинальным током срабатывания не более 30 мА для групповых линий, питающих розеточные сети, находящиеся вне помещений и в помещениях особо опасных и с повышенной опасностью, например в зоне 3 ванных и душевых помещений квартир и номеров гостиниц.

7.1.83. Суммарный ток утечки сети с учетом присоединяемых стационарных и переносных электроприемников в нормальном режиме работы не должен превосходить 1/3 номинального тока УЗО. При отсутствии данных ток утечки электроприемников следует принимать из расчета 0,4 мА на 1 А тока нагрузки, а ток утечки сети — из расчета 10 мкА на 1 м длины фазного проводника.

7.1.84. Для повышения уровня защиты от возгорания при замыканиях на заземленные части, когда величина тока недостаточна для срабатывания максимальной токовой защиты, на вводе в квартиру, индивидуальный дом и т.п. рекомендуется установка УЗО с током срабатывания до 300 мА.

7.1.85. Для жилых зданий при выполнении требований п. 7.1.83 функции УЗО по пп. 7.1.79 и 7.1.84 могут выполняться одним аппаратом с током срабатывания не более 30 мА.

7.1.86. Если УЗО предназначено для защиты от поражения электрическим током и возгорания или только для защиты от возгораниия, то оно должно отключать как фазный, так и нулевой рабочие проводники, защита от сверхтока в нулевом рабочем проводнике не требуется.

7.1.87. На вводе в здание должна быть выполнена система уравнивания потенциалов путем объединения следующих проводящих частей:

• основной (магистральный) защитный проводник;
• основной (магистральный) заземляющий проводник или основной заземляющий зажим;
• стальные трубы коммуникаций зданий и между зданиями;
• металлические части строительных конструкций, молниезащиты, системы центрального отопления, вентиляции и кондиционирования. Такие проводящие части должны быть соединены между собой на вводе в здание.

Рекомендуется по ходу передачи электроэнергии повторно выполнять дополнительные системы уравнивания потенциалов.

7.1.88. К дополнительной системе уравнивания потенциалов должны быть подключены все доступные прикосновению открытые проводящие части стационарных электроустановок, сторонние проводящие части и нулевые защитные проводники всего электрооборудования (в том числе штепсельных розеток).

Для ванных и душевых помещений дополнительная система уравнивания потенциалов является обязательной и должна предусматривать, в том числе, подключение сторонних проводящих частей, выходящих за пределы помещений. Если отсутствует электрооборудование с подключенными к системе уравнивания потенциалов нулевыми защитными проводниками, то систему уравнивания потенциалов следует подключить к РЕ шине (зажиму) на вводе. Нагревательные элементы, замоноличенные в пол, должны быть покрыты заземленной металлической сеткой или заземленной металлической оболочкой, подсоединенными к системе уравнивания потенциалов. В качестве дополнительной защиты для нагревательных элементов рекомендуется использовать УЗО на ток до 30 мА.

Не допускается использовать для саун, ванных и душевых помещений системы местного уравнивания потенциалов.

90000 COVID-19 Guidance: Businesses and Employers 90001 90002 Prevent and Reduce Transmission Among Employees 90003 90004 Monitor federal, state, and local public health communications about COVID-19 regulations, guidance, and recommendations and ensure that workers have access to that information. Frequently check the CDC COVID-19 website. 90005 90004 90007 Actively encourage sick employees to stay home: 90008 90005 90010 90011 Employees who have symptoms should notify their supervisor and stay home.90012 90011 Sick employees should follow CDC-recommended steps. Employees should not return to work until the criteria to discontinue home isolation are met, in consultation with healthcare providers. 90012 90011 Employees who are well but who have a sick family member at home with COVID-19 should notify their supervisor and follow CDC recommended precautions. 90012 90017 90004 90007 Consider conducting daily in-person or virtual health checks 90008 (eg, symptom and / or temperature screening) of employees before they enter the facility, in accordance with state and local public health authorities and, if available, your occupational health services: 90005 90010 90011 If implementing in-person health checks, conduct them safely and respectfully.Employers may use social distancing, barrier or partition controls, or personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect the screener. However, reliance on PPE alone is a less effective control and is more difficult to implement, given PPE shortages and training requirements. 90012 90011 Complete the health checks in a way that helps maintain social distancing guidelines, such as providing multiple screening entries into the building. 90012 90011 Follow guidance from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commissionexternal icon regarding confidentiality of medical records from health checks.90012 90011 To prevent stigma and discrimination in the workplace, make employee health screenings as private as possible. Do not make determinations of risk based on race or country of origin and be sure to maintain confidentiality of each individual’s medical status and history. 90012 90017 90004 90007 Identify where and how workers might be exposed to COVID-19 at work. 90008 Employers are responsible for providing a safe and healthy workplaceexternal icon. Conduct a thorough hazard assessmentexternal icon of the workplace to identify potential workplace hazards related to COVID-19.Use appropriate combinations of controls from the hierarchy of controls to limit the spread of COVID-19, including engineering controls, workplace administrative policies, and personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect workers from the identified hazards (see table below): 90005 90010 90011 Conduct a thorough hazard assessment to determine if workplace hazards are present, or are likely to be present, and determine what type of controls or PPE are needed for specific job duties. 90012 90011 When engineering and administrative controls can not be implemented or are not fully protective, employers are required by OSHA standards to: 90010 90011 Determine what PPE is needed for their workers ‘specific job duties, 90012 90011 Select and provide appropriate PPE to the workers at no cost, and 90012 90011 Train their workers on its correct use.90012 90017 90012 90011 Encourage workers to wear a cloth face covering at work if the hazard assessment has determined that they do not require PPE, such as a respirator or medical facemask for protection. 90010 90011 CDC recommends wearing a cloth face covering as a measure to contain the wearer’s respiratory droplets and help protect their co-workers and members of the general public. 90012 90011 Cloth face coverings are not considered PPE. They may prevent workers, including those who do not know they have the virus, from spreading it to others but may not protect the wearers from exposure to the virus that causes COVID-19.90012 90017 90012 90011 Remind employees and customers that CDC recommends wearing cloth face coverings in public settings where other social distancing measures are difficult to maintain, 90007 especially 90008 in areas of significant community-based transmission. Wearing a cloth face covering, however, does not replace the need to practice social distancing. 90012 90011 See the OSHA COVID-19external icon webpage for more information on how to protect workers from potential COVID-19 exposures and guidance for employerspdf iconexternal icon, including steps to take for jobs according to exposure risk.90012 90017 90004 90007 Separate sick employees: 90008 90005 90010 90011 Employees who appear to have symptoms upon arrival at work or who become sick during the day should immediately be separated from other employees, customers, and visitors, and sent home. 90012 90011 Have a procedure in place for the safe transport of an employee who becomes sick while at work. The employee may need to be transported home or to a healthcare provider. 90012 90017 90004 90007 Take action if an employee is suspected or confirmed to have COVID-19 infection: 90008 90005 90004 In most cases, you do not need to shut down your facility.If it has been less than 7 days since the sick employee has been in the facility, close off any areas used for prolonged periods of time by the sick person: 90005 90010 90011 Wait 24 hours before cleaning and disinfecting to minimize potential for other employees being exposed to respiratory droplets. If waiting 24 hours is not feasible, wait as long as possible. 90012 90011 During this waiting period, open outside doors and windows to increase air circulation in these areas. 90012 90017 90004 If it has been 7 days or more since the sick employee used the facility, additional cleaning and disinfection is not necessary.Continue routinely cleaning and disinfecting all high-touch surfaces in the facility. 90005 90004 Follow the CDC cleaning and disinfection recommendations: 90005 90010 90011 Clean dirty surfaces with soap and water before disinfecting them. 90012 90011 To disinfect surfaces, use products that meet EPA criteria for use against SARS-Cov-2external icon, the virus that causes COVID-19, and are appropriate for the surface. 90012 90011 Always wear gloves and gowns appropriate for the chemicals being used when you are cleaning and disinfecting.90012 90011 You may need to wear additional PPE depending on the setting and disinfectant product you are using. For each product you use, consult and follow the manufacturer’s instructions for use. 90012 90017 90004 Determine which employees may have been exposed to the virus and may need to take additional precautions: 90005 90004 90007 Educate employees about steps they can take to protect themselves at work and at home: 90008 90005 90010 90011 Encourage employees to follow any new policies or procedures related to illness, cleaning and disinfecting, and work meetings and travel.90012 90011 Advise employees to: 90012 90011 Stay home if they are sick, except to get medical care, and to learn what to do if they are sick. 90012 90011 Inform their supervisor if they have a sick family member at home with COVID-19 and to learn what to do if someone in their home is sick. 90012 90011 Wash their hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds or to use hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol if soap and water are not available. Inform employees that if their hands are visibly dirty, they should use soap and water over hand sanitizer.Key times for employees to clean their hands include: 90010 90011 Before and after work shifts 90012 90011 Before and after work breaks 90012 90011 After blowing their nose, coughing, or sneezing 90012 90011 After using the restroom 90012 90011 Before eating or preparing food 90012 90011 After putting on, touching, or removing cloth face coverings 90012 90017 90012 90011 Avoid touching their eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands. 90012 90011 Cover their mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze, or use the inside of their elbow.Throw used tissues into no-touch trash cans and immediately wash hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. If soap and water are not available, use hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol. Learn more about coughing and sneezing etiquette on the CDC website. 90012 90011 Practice routine cleaning and disinfection of frequently touched objects and surfaces such as workstations, keyboards, telephones, handrails, and doorknobs. Dirty surfaces can be cleaned with soap and water prior to disinfection.To disinfect, use products that meet EPA’s criteria for use against SARS-CoV-2external icon, the cause of COVID-19, and are appropriate for the surface. 90012 90011 Avoid using other employees ‘phones, desks, offices, or other work tools and equipment, when possible. Clean and disinfect them before and after use. 90012 90011 Practice social distancing by avoiding large gatherings and maintaining distance (at least 6 feet) from others when possible. 90012 90017 90004 90007 For employees who commute to work using public transportation or ride sharing, consider offering the following support: 90008 90005 90010 90011 If feasible, offer employees incentives to use forms of transportation that minimize close contact with others (e.g., biking, walking, driving or riding by car either alone or with household members). 90012 90011 Ask employees to follow the CDC guidance on how to protect yourself when using transportation. 90012 90011 Allow employees to shift their hours so they can commute during less busy times. 90012 90011 Ask employees to clean their hands as soon as possible after their trip. 90012 90017 .90000 MIT School of Engineering | »How do birds sit on high-voltage power lines without getting electrocuted? 90001 90002 How do birds sit on high-voltage power lines without getting electrocuted? 90003 90004 You’ve probably never seen a bird straddle two wires at once, and there’s a good reason for that … 90005 90006 By Aaron Johnson 90007 90004 It’s not uncommon for a character in the movies to end up with a blackened face and a headful of frizzy hair after touching a live electrical wire.What makes for a good gag in the entertainment biz, however, is likely to kill you in real life — unless you’re a bird. Birds have no problem sitting, unruffled, on the high-voltage power lines you often see lining the road. This ability has nothing to do with them being birds, explains Ranbel Sun, a recent grad from electrical engineering and computer science who currently teaches at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. It’s all about the connections they’re making — or, more importantly, not making.90005 90004 «Electrical current is the movement of electrons,» explains Sun. The movement of electrons through a device like your TV is what gives it the energy to display images and produce sound. Sun describes the long process these moving electrons take to get to your house. «The electrons are essentially being pulled from the ground by the power station,» she says. «They move through the power lines, through your TV, and eventually they make their way back into the ground from where they came.»This creates a closed loop, which is required for electricity to flow. 90005 90004 The other thing electrons need in order to move is motivation — or, more specifically, a difference in what’s called electrical potential. «Imagine lugging a bunch of bowling balls up a mountain,» Sun explains. «If you give them a path, the balls will naturally roll down the mountain to a lower position.» At the top of the mountain, the bowling balls (which represent the electric current) have a high potential, and they will travel down any path that becomes available.When a bird is perched on a single wire, its two feet are at the same electrical potential, so the electrons in the wires have no motivation to travel through the bird’s body. No moving electrons means no electric current. Our bird is safe, for the moment anyway … If that bird stretches out a wing or a leg and touches a second wire, especially one with a different electrical potential, it will open a path for the electrons — right through the bird’s body. 90005 90004 There are other perils for our feathered friends, Sun points out.»The wood pole supporting the wires is buried deep in the ground,» she says, «so it would also be dangerous for a bird to sit on the pole and touch a wire.» This is the problem that people encounter if they touch live wires — since we are almost always in contact with the ground. Our bodies turn out to be excellent conductors of electricity, and the electrical current will happily use them to complete a closed path to flow from high potential (the wire) to low potential (the ground). ZAP! 90005 90004 So how do workers repair live electrical wires without getting hurt? They use insulating materials in their clothing, equipment, and bucket trucks.Insulating materials such as rubber are materials through which electricity has a hard time flowing. So instead of passing through the electrician, the electrons stay on the other side of his rubber gloves or rubber-handled tools. (Keep in mind: these are not everyday household gloves and tools — those are too thin to protect you from a shock and are often not made entirely of rubber) Another technique is to hang beneath a helicopter. Since neither the worker nor the helicopter is connected to the ground (like a bird), the worker just has to make sure he only touches one wire at a time.Despite continual safety improvements, being a power linesman is still one of the ten most dangerous jobs in America. So, it’s a good idea to stay away from electrical wires unless you’re a trained professional — or a bird. 90005 90004 Now if only someone could explain why birds are always all facing in the same direction … 90005 90004 90006 Thanks to Naveen Surisetty from Visakhapatnam, India, for this question. 90007 90005 90004 Dated: December 10, 2013 90005 .90000 Electrical Safety Standards for LV / MV / HV (Part-1) 90001 90002 90002 Electrical Safety Standards for LV / MV / HV (on photo Indonesia’s state energy giant — High Voltage Switchyard) 90004 Content 90005 90006 90007 90008 Standard: Western Power Company 90009 90010 90011 90007 90008 Standard: New Zealand Electrical Code 90009 90010 90007 90008 Standard: ETSA Utilities 90009 90010 90007 90008 Standard: UK Power Networks — EI 02-0019 90009 90010 90004 1.Standard: Western Power Company 90005 90026 Water Safely Clearance on Electrical Fires 90027 90028 90029 90030 90031 90008 Voltage 90009 90034 90031 90008 Minimum distances between a nozzle producing a fog stream of fresh water and a live conductor 90009 90034 90039 90030 90041 Up to 750 V 90034 90041 1.5 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 750 V to 15 KV 90034 90041 4.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 15 KV to 230 KV 90034 90041 5.0 Meter 90034 90039 90058 90059 90060 Go to Content ↑ 90061 90062 90026 Minimum Approach Distance for Authorized Person 90027 90060 This is the minimum distance that must be maintained by a person, vehicle or mobile plant.90061 90028 90029 90030 90031 90008 Voltage 90009 90034 90031 90008 Distance (minimum) 90009 90034 90039 90030 90041 Up to 1 KV 90034 90041 0.7 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 1 V to 6.6 KV 90034 90041 0.7 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 6.6 KV to 11 KV 90034 90041 0.7 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 11 KV to 22 KV 90034 90041 0.7 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 22 KV to 33 KV 90034 90041 1.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 33 KV to 66 KV 90034 90041 1.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 66 KV to 132 KV 90034 90041 1.2 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 132 KV to 220 KV 90034 90041 1.8 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 220 KV to 330 KV 90034 90041 3.0 Meter 90034 90039 90058 90059 90060 Go to Content ↑ 90061 90062 90026 Minimum Approach Distance for Ordinary Person 90027 90028 90029 90030 90031 90008 Voltage 90009 90034 90031 90008 Distance (min) 90009 90034 90039 90030 90041 Up to 1 KV 90034 90041 3.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 1 V to 6.6 KV 90034 90041 3.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 6.6 KV to 11 KV 90034 90041 3.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 11 KV to 22 KV 90034 90041 3.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 22 KV to 33 KV 90034 90041 3.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 33 KV to 66 KV 90034 90041 3.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 66 KV to 132 KV 90034 90041 3.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 132 KV to 220 KV 90034 90041 4.5 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 220 KV to 330 KV 90034 90041 6.0 Meter 90034 90039 90058 90059 90060 Go to Content ↑ 90061 90062 90026 Minimum Approach Distance for Vehicle and Plant for Ordinary Person 90027 90028 90029 90030 90216 90008 Voltage 90009 90034 90220 90008 Distance (min) 90009 90034 90039 90030 90031 90008 Mobile Plant 90009 90034 90041 90008 Vehicle 90009 90034 90039 90030 90041 Up to 1 KV 90034 90041 3.0 Meter 90034 90041 0.6 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 1 V to 6.6 KV 90034 90041 3.0 Meter 90034 90041 0.9 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 6.6 KV to 11 KV 90034 90041 3.0 Meter 90034 90041 0.9 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 11 KV to 22 KV 90034 90041 3.0 Meter 90034 90041 0.9 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 22 KV to 33 KV 90034 90041 3.0 Meter 90034 90041 0.9 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 33 KV to 66 KV 90034 90041 3.0 Meter 90034 90041 2.1 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 66 KV to 132 KV 90034 90041 3.0 Meter 90034 90041 2.1 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 132 KV to 220 KV 90034 90041 3.0 Meter 90034 90041 2.9 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 220 KV to 330 KV 90034 90041 6.0 Meter 90034 90041 3.4 Meter 90034 90039 90058 90059 90060 Go to Content ↑ 90061 90004 2. Standard: New Zealand Electrical Code 90005 90026 Min. Safe Distance between Buildings and Overhead Line 90027 90028 90029 90030 90031 90008 Voltage 90009 90034 90031 90008 Pole 90009 90034 90041 90008 Tower 90009 90034 90039 90030 90041 11 kV to 33 kV 90034 90041 2 Meter 90034 90041 2 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 33 kV to 66 kV 90034 90041 6 Meter 90034 90041 6 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 66 kV and Above 90034 90041 8 Meter 90034 90041 8 Meter 90034 90039 90058 90059 90060 Go to Content ↑ 90061 90062 90026 Min.Safe Distance for excavation near Overhead Line 90027 90028 90029 90030 90031 90008 Description of Clearance 90009 90034 90031 90008 From Pole (Min) 90009 90034 90041 90008 From Tower (min) 90009 90034 90039 90030 90041 Excavation in land more than 750mm depth 90034 90031 8 Meter 90034 90031 12 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 Excavation in land up to750mm depth 90034 90031 2.2 to 5 Meter 90034 90031 6 to12 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 Excavation in land up to 300mm depth 90034 90031 2.2 Meter 90034 90031 6 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 Construction near 11KV to 33KV Line 90034 90031 2.2 Meter 90034 90031 6 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 Construction near 33KV to 66KV Line 90034 90031 6 Meter 90034 90031 9 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 Construction near 66KV and more 90034 90031 8 Meter 90034 90031 12 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 Wire Fence near 1KV to 66KV Line 90034 90031 2.2 Meter 90034 90031 2.2 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 Wire Fence near 66KV and more 90034 90031 5 Meter 90034 90031 5 Meter 90034 90039 90058 90059 90060 Go to Content ↑ 90061 90062 90026 Min.Safe Distance for Tower Carin near Electrical Tower 90027 90028 90029 90030 90031 90008 Description of Clearance 90009 90034 90031 90008 Distance (Min) 90009 90034 90039 90030 90041 Mobile Carin movement 90034 90031 4.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 Tower Carin movement 90034 90031 4.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 Carin movement 90034 90031 4.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 Moving Activity above height of Tower 90034 90031 4.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 Hedge Cutter movement 90034 90031 4.0 Meter 90034 90039 90058 90059 90060 Go to Content ↑ 90061 90062 90026 Min. Safe Vertical Distance above Railway Track 90027 90028 90029 90030 90031 90008 Description of Clearance 90009 90034 90031 90008 Distance (Min) 90009 90034 90039 90030 90041 Earthed conductors 90034 90031 5.5 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 Stay wires 90034 90031 5.5 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 Conductors up to 33 kV 90034 90031 6.5 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 Conductors above 33 kV to 220 kV 90034 90031 7.5 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 Conductors above 220 kV. 90034 90031 8 Meter 90034 90039 90058 90059 90060 Go to Content ↑ 90061 90062 90026 Min. Distance between two Conductors on Same Supports 90027 90028 90029 90030 90031 90008 High Voltage Circuit 90009 90034 90031 90008 High Voltage Circuit 90009 90034 90031 90008 Distance between circuits (min) 90009 90034 90039 90030 90031 Up to 33 KV 90034 90031 Up to 1KV 90034 90031 1.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 Up to 33 KV 90034 90031 More than 1KV 90034 90031 1.2 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 33 KV to 110 KV 90034 90031 Up to 1KV 90034 90031 1.5 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 33 KV to 110 KV 90034 90031 More than 1KV 90034 90031 2.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 More than 110 KV 90034 90031 All 90034 90031 2.5 Meter 90034 90039 90058 90059 90060 Go to Content ↑ 90061 90062 90026 Min. Distance between two Conductors on Different Supports 90027 90028 90029 90030 90031 90008 High Voltage Circuit 90009 90034 90031 90008 Distance (min) 90009 90034 90039 90030 90031 Up to 1 KV 90034 90031 0.6 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 1 KV to 33 KV 90034 90031 1.2 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 33 KV to 66 KV 90034 90031 1.8 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 110 KV 90034 90031 2.4 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 More than 220 KV 90034 90031 2.8 Meter 90034 90039 90058 90059 90060 Go to Content ↑ 90061 90062 90026 Min. Safety Distance from Electrical Apparatuses 90027 90028 90029 90030 90031 90008 Description of Clearance 90009 90034 90031 90008 Distance (min) 90009 90034 90039 90030 90031 Passage In front of Metal-Clad Switchgear (UP to HV) 90034 90031 1.0 Meter wide 2.5 Height 90034 90039 90030 90031 Passage In rear or side of Metal-Clad Switchgear (UP to HV) 90034 90031 1.0 Meter wide 2.2 Height 90034 90039 90030 90031 Passage at any side of Metal-Clad Switch gear containing Bare conductor (UP to HV) 90034 90031 0.8 Meter wide 2.2 Height 90034 90039 90058 90059 90060 Go to Content ↑ 90061 90062 90026 Min. Approach Distance for Non-Competent Person near exposed Live Parts 90027 90028 90029 90030 90031 90008 Voltage 90009 90034 90031 90008 Distance (min) 90009 90034 90039 90030 90041 Below 110 kV 90034 90041 4.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 220 kV and above 90034 90041 6.0 Meter 90034 90039 90058 90059 90060 Go to Content ↑ 90061 90062 90026 Min. Approach Distance for Competent Person near exposed Live Parts 90027 90028 90029 90030 90031 90008 Voltage 90009 90034 90031 90008 Distance (min) 90009 90034 90039 90030 90041 Below 1 kV 90034 90041 0.5 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 11 kV 90034 90041 1.5 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 22 kV 90034 90041 2.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 33 kV 90034 90041 2.5 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 66 kV 90034 90041 3.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 110 kV 90034 90041 4.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 220 kV and above 90034 90041 6.0 Meter 90034 90039 90058 90059 90060 Go to Content ↑ 90061 90004 3. Standard: ETSA Utilities 90005 90026 Vertical Clearances between Services 90027 90028 90029 90030 90031 90008 Service 90009 90034 90031 90008 LV Cable 90009 90034 90041 90008 HV Cable 90009 90034 90039 90030 90031 Common Pipe 90034 90041 0.100 Meter 90034 90041 0.100 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 Gas Pipe 90034 90041 0.200 Meter 90034 90041 0.200 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 Sewer Pipe 90034 90041 0.300 Meter 90034 90041 0.300 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 Water Pipe 90034 90041 0.600 Meter 90034 90041 0.600 Meter 90034 90039 90058 90059 90060 Go to Content ↑ 90061 90062 90026 Horizontal Clearances between Services 90027 90028 90029 90030 90031 90008 Service 90009 90034 90031 90008 LV Cable 90009 90034 90041 90008 HV Cable 90009 90034 90039 90030 90031 Common Pipe 90034 90041 0.100 Meter 90034 90041 0.100 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 Gas Pipe 90034 90041 0.200 Meter 90034 90041 0.200 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 Sewer Pipe 90034 90041 1.0 Meter 90034 90041 1.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90041 Water Pipe 90034 90041 0.600 Meter 90034 90041 0.600 Meter 90034 90039 90058 90059 90060 Go to Content ↑ 90061 90004 4. Standard: UK Power Networks — EI 02-0019 90005 90026 Cable Installation Depths 90027 90028 90029 90030 90031 90008 Voltage 90009 90034 90031 90008 Area 90009 90034 90041 90008 Depth (min) 90009 90034 90039 90030 90917 Low Voltage 90034 90031 Footways, grass verges or private property 90034 90031 0.450 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 Carriageways (including road crossings) 90034 90031 0.600 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 Normal agricultural land (not deep ploughing) 90034 90031 1.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 Agricultural land subject to deep ploughing 90034 90031 1.2 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90917 11 KV to 20 KV 90034 90031 Footways, grass verges or private property 90034 90031 0.600 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 Carriageways (including road crossings) 90034 90031 0.750 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 Normal agricultural land (not deep ploughing) 90034 90031 1.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 Agricultural land subject to deep ploughing 90034 90031 1.2 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90917 33 KV to 132 KV 90034 90031 Footways, grass verges or private property 90034 90031 0.9 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 Carriageways (including road crossings) 90034 90031 0.9 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 Normal agricultural land (not deep ploughing) 90034 90031 1.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 Agricultural land subject to deep ploughing 90034 90031 1.2 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90917 Auxiliary Multi-core & Multi-pair Cables 90034 90031 Footways, grass verges or private property 90034 90031 0.450 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 Carriageways (including road crossings) 90034 90031 0.600 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 Normal agricultural land (not deep ploughing) 90034 90031 1.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 Agricultural land subject to deep ploughing 90034 90031 1.2 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90917 On Cable Ladder for LV to HV 90034 90031 The Horizontal clearance between cables on cable ladders 90034 90031 2X Dia of Cable of Largest Cable or min 150 mm 90034 90039 90030 90031 The clearance from a supporting wall 90034 90031 20 mm 90034 90039 90030 90031 The vertical clearance between cables is greater 90034 90031 150 mm 90034 90039 90030 90031 If the number of cables>

4, they are to be installed in a horizontal 90034 91043 90039 90058 90059 90060 Go to Content ↑ 90061 90062 90026 Minimum Approach Distance of Crane or Moving Part from Live Conductor 90027 90028 90029 90030 90216 90008 Voltage 90009 90034 90220 90008 Without Safety Observation 90009 90034 90216 90008 For ordinary Person 90009 90034 90039 90030 90031 90008 Un insulated portions 90009 90034 90031 90008 Insulated portions 90009 90034 90039 90030 90031 Up to 1KV 90034 90031 2 Meter 90034 90031 1.0 Meter 90034 90031 3.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 11 KV 90034 90031 2 Meter 90034 90031 1.4 Meter 90034 90031 3.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 22 KV 90034 90031 2.4 Meter 90034 90031 2 Meter 90034 90031 3.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 33 KV 90034 90031 2.4 Meter 90034 90031 2 Meter 90034 90031 3.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 66 KV 90034 90031 2.8 Meter 90034 90031 2 Meter 90034 90031 3.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 132 KV 90034 90031 3.0 Meter 90034 90031 3.0 Meter 90034 90031 3.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 220 KV 90034 90031 4.8 Meter 90034 90031 4.8 Meter 90034 90031 6.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 330 KV 90034 90031 6.0 Meter 90034 90031 6.0 Meter 90034 90031 6.0 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 500 KV 90034 90031 8.0 Meter 90034 90031 8.0 Meter 90034 90031 8.0 Meter 90034 90039 90058 90059 90060 Go to Content ↑ 90061 90062 90026 Minimum Fixed Clearances for Electrical Apparatus (Isolation Points) 90027 90028 90029 90030 90031 90008 Voltage 90009 90034 90031 90008 Fixed Clearance 90009 90034 90039 90030 90031 Up to 11Kv 90034 90041 0.320 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 11KV to 33KV 90034 90041 0.320 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 33KV to 66KV 90034 90041 0.630 Meter 90034 90039 90030 90031 66KV to 132KV 90034 90041 1.1 Meter 90034 90039 90058 90059 90060 Go to Content ↑ 90061 90060 90026 Related EEP’s content with sponsored links 90027 90061 .90000 The Reasons Why We Cheat According To Science 90001 90002 Cheating or infidelity is one of the biggest social taboos around. Many who’ve been cheated on will attest to just how destructive it can be to them. 90003 90002 Not only is it an act of betrayal, but it will also tend to have leave betrayed-partners asking deep and probing questions about themselves. It can completely destroy someone’s self-esteem or worse, lead to suicide. 90003 90002 90007 RELATED: STUDY SAYS MEN’S FACES SHOW HOW LIKELY THEY ARE TO CHEAT 90008 90003 90002 Cheating really is one of the worst things you can do to someone.Especially if they are a long-term partner. 90003 90002 But it can have its benefits too (believe it or not). 90003 90002 That aside, what are the motives for cheating? Does everyone have the potential to cheat, or does it take a special ‘kind’ of person to do it? 90003 90002 These are some of the questions we’ll try to address in the following article. 90003 90018 Still from 90019 An Affair To Remember 90020. Source: 90019 Susanlenox / Flickr 90020 90002 90007 RELATED: Here’s How Sex Can Affect Your Immune System 90008 90003 90027 Why do people cheat on their partners? 90028 90002 Just why do people cheat on their partners? Especially if it is someone they love? The answer might surprise you.90003 90002 For those who’ve been betrayed, «why?» this is often the first question on their mind. This tends to be followed by «who?», Though they often have a strong inkling of who it was / is. 90003 90002 There are various reasons why people cheat on their partner, but the main motive appears to vary between the sexes (though not always). Various studies have shown the main reasons for cheating, and they seem to have a running theme. 90003 90002 One particular study, published in the 90007 90019 Journal of Sex Research 90020 90008 (yes it does exist), conducted a survey of around 90007 500 90008 young adults to find out why.This research questioned participants on their cheating past using an online questionnaire. 90003 90002 90044 90045 90003 90002 The results were interesting, but on reflection, were as you might expect. On the whole, most respondees who admitted to cheating cited their main reasons being one of the following: — 90003 90002 — Cheaters were dissatisfied with their current relationship; 90003 90002 — They felt neglected by their partner; 90003 90002 — Cheaters, for whatever reason, were angry with their partner; 90003 90002 — They’d fallen out of love with their partner, or simply fancied or fell in love with someone else; 90003 90002 — Cheaters did not feel committed to their partner; 90003 90002 — They wanted to enhance their popularity; 90003 90002 — Cheaters wanted more variety in the bedroom, and; 90003 90002 — They were drunk and not thinking clearly.90003 90065 Source: 90019 Jun / Flickr 90020 90002 Although not mentioned in the study, another reason could be an act of revenge. If a partner has already cheated, their partner might feel like doing so out of anger. 90003 90002 Whilst there is some overlap here, it does show that there is a variety of other reasons why people cheat. This ranges from ‘ «de-coupling emotionally» from their partner, to deep-seated emotional issues for the cheater such as insecurity or lack of discipline and control.90003 90002 «It would be a mistake to conclude that all affairs (and infidelity-related behaviors) similarly result from deficits in the primary relationship,» the studies authors write. 90003 90002 Other studies have also shown that people who are less conscientious are more likely to cheat. In this sense, it refers to someone’s lack of a conscious, rather than being less likely to do one’s work, or duty, well and thoroughly. 90003 90002 Also, something called «insecure attachment» was another contributing factor.90003 90002 «Insecure attachment» is «a relationship style where the bond is contaminated by fear. This is expressed mainly as reluctance in the relationship and other mixed emotions, such as dependence and rejection». — exploringyourmind.com. This kind of relationship would be, unsurprisingly, doomed to failure from the start. 90003 90080 Source: 90019 mitzu_iulian2000 / Flickr 90020 90002 But there is a distinct difference, on average, between the sexes too. According to the research, men tend to cheat for more physical reasons, whilst women tended to crave more rewarding emotional relationships.90003 90002 No surprises there then. 90003 90027 What do people consider to be cheating? 90028 90002 Cheating is a rather nebulous term. How someone defines cheating can be a very personal set of events or circumstances. 90003 90002 For example, some might consider watching pornography as an act of cheating, whilst others would consider something like flirting as cheating too. In the case of sexual intercourse, the vast majority of people would consider this an act of treachery. But what about kissing? 90003 90002 But what about having feelings, but not acting on it in any way, for someone else? Could this be considered an act of cheating? You probably have your own views on this.90003 90002 But, an interesting survey was conducted by Elite Daily on just this subject back in 2016. They asked 90007 100 people 90008 what, exactly, they would consider being cheating. 90003 90099 Sex is generally agreed to be cheating. Source: 90019 Depositphotos 90020 90002 The interviewees were a mixture of men and women between the ages of 90007 18 and 31 90008. Their findings were very interesting indeed. 90003 90002 First of all, what did they agree 90007 was not cheating? 90008: — 90003 90002 — They found that 90007 99% 90008 of people agreed that liking someone’s picture on social media is definitively not cheating.90003 90002 — 90007 93% 90008 agreed that watching pornography was also not cheating. 90003 90002 — 90007 82% 90008 agreed that having lunch with an attractive co-worker that they may or may not be attracted to as not cheating too. 90003 90002 — 90007 56% 90008 also agreed that hanging out with an ex, just as friends, of course, was also not cheating. Though we are sure you might have other ideas. 90003 90002 Here is what most considered to be 90007 borderline cheating 90008: — 90003 90002 — 90007 75% 90008 agreed that flirting with someone over text was not cool.90003 90002 — 90007 61% 90008 agreed that having intimate or sexual feelings for another person was probably cheating. 90003 90002 90139 90045 90003 90002 They also found that these ‘grey areas’ would be ground for ending the relationship in 90007 69% 90008 of cases. 90003 90002 But what did they agree 90007 was cheating 90008? 90003 90002 — Physical or sexual interaction was definitely agreed to be cheating, regardless of whether drunk or sober. No surprises there. 90003 90002 — Most agreed that kissing, again whether sober (90007 97% 90008) or drunk (90007 77% 90008), was also an act of infidelity.90003 90002 Also unsurprisingly, if any of the above happened it would end the relationship there and then. 90003 90027 Five interesting facts about cheating 90028 90002 Here are some interesting facts about cheating. The following is in no particular order as is not exhaustive. 90003 90164 1. Cheating is more common than you think 90165 90002 The number of married people who admit to cheating in the United States is between 90007 20 and 25% 90008. That’s 1 in 4 married couples. 90003 90002 As you might imagine the rate is higher in courting couples and stands at around 90007 33-50% 90008.90003 90027 2. Men are more likely to cheat, but only just 90028 90002 Men are more likely to cheat on their partners, according to studies. But woman, in the United States at least, have increased their openness to cheat by about 90007 40% 90008 over the last 50 years. 90003 90002 It’s unclear if this is because they are cheating more than usual or they have become more comfortable in admitting the fact. 90003 90002 But another study by ifstudies.org, shows that it depends on age. In some cases, like between the ages of 18-29, women come out on top (so to speak).90003 90184 Women between the ages of 18 and 29 are most likely to cheat. Modified from 90019 ifstudies.org 90020 90164 3. Cheaters usually know the other person 90165 90002 When people cheat they are most likely to do it with someone they know. From friends to co-workers, the reason is that they have more opportunity to do so. 90003 90002 It is probably also because they might be looking for more than just sex. Many might be looking for intimacy or emotional connections lacking in their existing relationship.90003 90164 4. Once a cheater, always a cheater 90165 90002 There is actually some truth behind the saying «once a cheater, always a cheater.» Some research has found that former cheaters are around 90007 3 and a half times 90008 more likely to do the same in future relationships. 90003 90164 5. Cheaters do not use protection 90165 90002 Acts of infidelity tend to be less ‘safe’ than with a partner. Most people in monogamous relationships who stray tend to do so without using a condom. 90003 90002 This is probably because the act was not pre-planned and hence they may not take the appropriate precautions.90003.